• Home
  • Year 9
    • Unit 1 - Bronze Age Greece >
      • Lesson 1 - Minoa
      • Lesson 2 - Myths
      • Lesson 3 - Atlantis
      • Lesson 4 - The Mycenaeans
      • Lesson 5 - Troy
    • Unit 2 - Classical Greece >
      • Lesson 1 - Archaic Period >
        • End of Unit Test >
          • End of Unit Test - 1
      • Lesson 2 - Olympics
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      • Lesson 4 - Democracy
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      • End of Unit Test - 2
    • Unit 3 - Roman Republic >
      • Lesson 1 - Foundation
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      • Lesson 3 - Hannibal
      • Lesson 4 - Julius Caesar
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    • Unit 4 - Roman Empire >
      • Lesson 1 - Empire
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    • Unit 5 - The early Middle Ages >
      • Lesson 1 - Middle Ages?
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      • Lesson 3 - Monasteries
      • Lesson 4 - Justinian
      • Lesson 5 - Islam
      • Lesson 6 - Vikings
  • Year 11
    • Warfare - A study through time >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction >
        • Warfare - Timeline activity >
          • Students' Timelines 2020
      • Lesson 2 - Medieval >
        • Case Study - 1066 - Battle of Hastings
      • Lesson 3 - Crusades >
        • Case Study - 1271 - Krak des Chevaliers
      • Lesson 4 - New World >
        • Case Study - 1532 - Battle of Cajamarca
      • Lesson 5 - Religion >
        • Case Study - 1572 - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
      • Lesson 6 - Napoleon >
        • Case Study - 1796 - Battle of Lodi
      • Lesson 7 - Industrial >
        • Case Study - 1859 - Battle of Solferino
      • Lesson 8 - World War 1 >
        • Case Study - 1915 - The Battle of Ypres
      • Lesson 9 - 1930s >
        • Case Study - 1937 - Nanjing Massacre
      • Lesson 10 - Vietnam >
        • Case Study - 1968 - Tet Offensive
    • Matu 1 - The American Revolution >
      • Lesson 1 - The Scientific Revolution
      • Lesson 2 - The Enlightenment
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      • Lesson 4 - Colonising America
      • Lesson 5 - Thirteen Colonies
      • Lesson 6 - Boston Massacre? >
        • Boston Massacre - The Play
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      • Lesson 1 - Ancien Regime
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  • S1 S2
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      • Lesson 1 - Why was Britain First?
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    • Matu 5 - Nationalism >
      • Lesson 1 - Impact of French Revolution
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      • Lesson 4 - Italian Unification - 1830-48
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      • Lesson 6 - Italian Unification - 1848-70
      • Lesson 7 - German Unification - 1848-71
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    • Matu 6 - New Imperialism >
      • Lesson 1 - New Imperialism?
      • Lesson 2 - Africa
      • Lesson 3 - Congo
      • Lesson 4 - China
      • Lesson 5 - Japan
      • Lesson 6 - Legacy
      • Jared Diamond thesis
    • Matu 7 - World War 1 >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction
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      • Lesson 6 - Total War
      • Lesson 7 - Switzerland
      • Lesson 8 - Defeat
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    • Matu 8 - Russian Revolutions >
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        • Tim Marshall - Russia
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      • Lesson 4 - Marxism
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    • Matu 9 - USA 1919-41 >
      • Lesson 1 - 1920s boom
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    • Matu 10 - Totalitarian States >
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        • Is Trump's USA authoritarian?
      • Lesson 2 - Fascism
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      • Lesson 7 - Hitler - Germany 1933-45 >
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        • Stalin - Rise to Power
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    • Exams and Revision
  • S3
    • Matu 11 - World War II >
      • Lesson 1 - WW1
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    • Matu 12 - The Cold War >
      • Lesson 1 - Origins
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    • Matu 13 - Decolonisation and the Third World >
      • Lesson 1 - Factors
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  • IB History
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      • IB History - 8. Independence movements >
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          • Hitler - Germany and Castro - Cuba - A comparative analysis (Part 1)
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      • IB History - 11. Warfare >
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International School History
  • Home
  • Year 9
    • Unit 1 - Bronze Age Greece >
      • Lesson 1 - Minoa
      • Lesson 2 - Myths
      • Lesson 3 - Atlantis
      • Lesson 4 - The Mycenaeans
      • Lesson 5 - Troy
    • Unit 2 - Classical Greece >
      • Lesson 1 - Archaic Period >
        • End of Unit Test >
          • End of Unit Test - 1
      • Lesson 2 - Olympics
      • Lesson 3 - Athens
      • Lesson 4 - Democracy
      • Lesson 5 - Sparta
      • Lesson 6 - Greek Gods
      • Lesson 7 - Greek Legacy
      • End of Unit Test - 2
    • Unit 3 - Roman Republic >
      • Lesson 1 - Foundation
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      • Lesson 3 - Hannibal
      • Lesson 4 - Julius Caesar
      • Lesson 5 - Rome
    • Unit 4 - Roman Empire >
      • Lesson 1 - Empire
      • Lesson 2 - Roman Nyon
      • Lesson 3 - Pompeii
      • Lesson 4 - Rise and Fall
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    • Unit 5 - The early Middle Ages >
      • Lesson 1 - Middle Ages?
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      • Lesson 4 - Justinian
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      • Lesson 6 - Vikings
  • Year 11
    • Warfare - A study through time >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction >
        • Warfare - Timeline activity >
          • Students' Timelines 2020
      • Lesson 2 - Medieval >
        • Case Study - 1066 - Battle of Hastings
      • Lesson 3 - Crusades >
        • Case Study - 1271 - Krak des Chevaliers
      • Lesson 4 - New World >
        • Case Study - 1532 - Battle of Cajamarca
      • Lesson 5 - Religion >
        • Case Study - 1572 - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
      • Lesson 6 - Napoleon >
        • Case Study - 1796 - Battle of Lodi
      • Lesson 7 - Industrial >
        • Case Study - 1859 - Battle of Solferino
      • Lesson 8 - World War 1 >
        • Case Study - 1915 - The Battle of Ypres
      • Lesson 9 - 1930s >
        • Case Study - 1937 - Nanjing Massacre
      • Lesson 10 - Vietnam >
        • Case Study - 1968 - Tet Offensive
    • Matu 1 - The American Revolution >
      • Lesson 1 - The Scientific Revolution
      • Lesson 2 - The Enlightenment
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      • Lesson 4 - Colonising America
      • Lesson 5 - Thirteen Colonies
      • Lesson 6 - Boston Massacre? >
        • Boston Massacre - The Play
      • Lesson 7 - Short-term causes
      • Lesson 8 - Why Britain lost
      • Lesson 9 - Consequences
      • Lesson 10 - How revolutionary?
    • Matu 2 - The French Revolution >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction
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      • Lesson 4 - Short term causes
      • Lesson 5 - The Bastille
      • Lesson 6 - 1789-91
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      • Lesson 8 - The Terror
    • Matu 3 - Switzerland and Napoleon >
      • Lesson 1 - Ancien Regime
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  • S1 S2
    • Matu 4 - Industrial Revolution >
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      • Lesson 2 - Economics - Agriculture
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    • Matu 5 - Nationalism >
      • Lesson 1 - Impact of French Revolution
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      • Lesson 4 - Italian Unification - 1830-48
      • Lesson 5 - Switzerland 1815-48
      • Lesson 6 - Italian Unification - 1848-70
      • Lesson 7 - German Unification - 1848-71
      • Lesson 8 - The German Empire
    • Matu 6 - New Imperialism >
      • Lesson 1 - New Imperialism?
      • Lesson 2 - Africa
      • Lesson 3 - Congo
      • Lesson 4 - China
      • Lesson 5 - Japan
      • Lesson 6 - Legacy
      • Jared Diamond thesis
    • Matu 7 - World War 1 >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction
      • Lesson 2 - Causes
      • Lesson 3 - 1914
      • Lesson 4 - Expectations
      • Lesson 5 - Reality
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      • Lesson 7 - Switzerland
      • Lesson 8 - Defeat
      • Lesson 9 - Peace 1919
    • Matu 8 - Russian Revolutions >
      • Lesson 1 - Russia before 1917 >
        • Tim Marshall - Russia
      • Lesson 2 - 1905 Revolution
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      • Lesson 4 - Marxism
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    • Matu 9 - USA 1919-41 >
      • Lesson 1 - 1920s boom
      • Lesson 2 - Roaring 20s?
      • Lesson 3 - Crash
      • Lesson 4 - 1932 Election
      • Lesson 5 - New Deal
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    • Matu 10 - Totalitarian States >
      • Lesson 1 - Modern Authoritarianism >
        • Is Trump's USA authoritarian?
      • Lesson 2 - Fascism
      • Lesson 3 - Mussolini - Rise to Power
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    • Matu 11 - World War II >
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    • Matu 12 - The Cold War >
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  • About

 S2 - Matu 6 - New Imperialism - Lesson 2

Lesson 2 - The Scramble for Africa.
Causes of the new imperialism: Three factors
​
  1. Economic interests - The  Industrial Revolution created demands that spurred overseas expansion, manufacturers wanted access to natural resources  e.g. rubber, petroleum, manganese for steel, palm oil for machinery  and hoped for new markets where they could sell their factory goods. Colonies offered a valuable outlet for Europe's growing population
  2. Political and military interests - European merchant ships, military naval vessels needed bases around the world to take on coal and supplies. Industrial powers seized strategically  valuable islands and harbours. In addition, national prestige became important as Western leaders claimed ruling a global empire was needed for national security and Great Power status.
3. Social and cultural interests - Humanitarian goals - missionaries, doctors, colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread western civilisation (medicine, law, Christianity...  football, golf and cricket) also social Darwinism - many Westerners believed in their racial superiority, the idea that Europeans were superior to all others. Imperial conquest/destruction of weaker races was nature's way of improving the human species.​
The success of Western imperialism - 1870-1914
Imperialist nations gained control over much of the world - reasons for their success:
​
  1. Weakness of Non-Western States - older civilisations were in decline (Ottoman Middle East, Mughal India, Qing China) and in West Africa, slave trade undermined empires, kingdoms, and city-states
  2. Western Advantages: strong industrial economies, well-organised governments with powerful militaries (see battle of Rorke's Drift 1879 below) and superior technology, medical advances (for example: quinine - medicine to fight malaria) and rifles, Maxim gun - early machine gun.
Forms of Imperial Rule

  1. Colonies  (a) direct rule - officials & soldiers sent to administer colonies (French) (b) indirect rule - sultans, chiefs, other local rulers were encouraged to get education in home country to become westernised (British)
  2. Protectorates - local rulers left in place but were expected to follow advice of European advisers. Cheaper than running a colony.
3. Spheres of Influence - areas in which outside powers claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges. This form of economic imperialism did not necessarily involve any direct political or military control and the motivation may have lacked any social or cultural dimension. But over time governments were often forced into supporting (militarily) national economic interests and the cultural and social consequences of this economic trade might be as profound as anything resulting from direct political rule e.g. football in south America. This film about the British in Argentina is an example of a British sphere of influence. (Europeans also created them in China and the U.S.A. in Latin America)
Activity 1

Design a revision diagram or mind map about this introduction to 'New Imperialism: causes, success and forms'. It must be no more than one side of A4, visually interesting and cover each of the three themes identified above.  Be inspired by some creative examples from previous years below. (Click to enlarge) 
Colette
Sydney
Josh

Imperialism in Africa
 
The origins of European colonisation in Africa are closely tied to the Slave Trade. By the early 1800s, Europeans had outlawed transatlantic slave trade, but East African slave trade continued. In 1787 Britain organised Sierra Leone in West Africa as colony for former slaves and in 1847 Liberia became an independent republic (settled by free blacks from the U.S.)
 
Africa known as the "dark continent" because little was known about its interior, rivers were difficult to manoeuvre and disease kept many Europeans from venturing far) Missionaries tried to spread Christianity and spoke out against slavery, they built schools, churches, medical clinics. The relationship was perceived as  paternalistic they saw Africans as children in need of guidance.
 
Explorers:

1805 - Mungo Park, Scottish doctor seeks source of Niger River.
1858 - Richard Burton, English adventurer, discovers Lake Tanganyika.
1850-60s - David Livingstone, Scottish missionary explores Africa.
1869 - Henry Stanley, Welsh journalist. Sets out to find Livingstone.
1871 - Stanley finally tracks Livingstone down in Tanzania. Greets him with now-legendary line: “Dr. Livingstone, I presume.”
1870s - Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza
Activity 2 - Livingstone and Stanley - Research challenge?

​1. How and why David Livingstone become famous in Britain in the 1840s and 1850s?
2. Why did Livingstone return to Africa in 1866?
3. How long did it take Stanley to find Livingstone? 
4. What did Stanley say after saying 'Dr. Livingstone I presume?'
5. What was the title of the best selling book written by Stanley about his journey to find Livingstone?
A Scramble for Colonies 

Belgian King Leopold II hired Henry Stanley to explore the Congo River basin and to arrange trade treaties with African leaders. He hoped for conquest and profit and his activities in the Congo set off a rush (scramble) by other European nations to acquire territories in Africa.

​​
Berlin Conference 1884-5 - The European powers met to decide how to carve up Africa - no Africans were invited. They recognised Leopold’s claim to the Congo Free State but called for free trade on Congo and Niger rivers. It was agreed that no European powers could claim any part of Africa without first setting up a government office there.
Picture
Ethnic map of Africa - click to enlarge
Picture
Picture
Africa in 1914 - click to enlarge
​
​Within 20 years, most of the continent had been partitioned by European powers:
  • The Congo - The people of the Congo were exploited as forced labourers, as were its natural resources (copper, rubber, ivory).
  • French Expansion -  From the 1830s France set out conquer Algeria  in the late 1800s Tunisia came under French control, as did much of West and Central Africa. French empire was the size of continental U.S.A.
  • The British took the Cape Colony from the Dutch – Boers (Dutch settlers) moved north - where they found gold and diamonds. In 1882, Britain established a protectorate over Egypt.
  • Portugal established colonies in Angola and Mozambique.
  • Italy took control of Libya, Italian Somaliland, and Eritrea, which is the north-most province of Ethiopia, near the Red Sea. Italy’s efforts to gain control of Ethiopia ended in bitter defeat. (Important for later study of Mussolini's Italy)
  • Germany took lands in eastern and southwestern Africa for its “place in the sun.” 
Activity 3

Add the ethnic map and map from 1914 to your OneNotes. Explain why the Berlin Conference was potentially creating problems for later. 

Activity 4 - A case-study of Rhodesia
Picture

Watch this short extract about the Scramble for Africa in Britain.

1. What motivated Cecil Rhodes in his imperial activities?
2. How were the British able to conquer and control such large areas of southern Africa?
3. What were the 'positive' consequences of British rule in Africa.

What is the latest on the Rhodes statue at Oxford (left) that features in the film? BBC summer 2024

Extension

Ever wondered what it is like to study history at university? Professor Richard Evans (Oxford) and John Merriman (Yale) give you a taste. 
The little sister of internationalschoolhistory.net - Richard Jones-Nerzic- Nyon, Switzerland 2025 
The views expressed on this website are those of the author and not necessarily endorsed by the author's employer. 
  • Home
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      • Lesson 4 - Justinian
      • Lesson 5 - Islam
      • Lesson 6 - Vikings
  • Year 11
    • Warfare - A study through time >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction >
        • Warfare - Timeline activity >
          • Students' Timelines 2020
      • Lesson 2 - Medieval >
        • Case Study - 1066 - Battle of Hastings
      • Lesson 3 - Crusades >
        • Case Study - 1271 - Krak des Chevaliers
      • Lesson 4 - New World >
        • Case Study - 1532 - Battle of Cajamarca
      • Lesson 5 - Religion >
        • Case Study - 1572 - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
      • Lesson 6 - Napoleon >
        • Case Study - 1796 - Battle of Lodi
      • Lesson 7 - Industrial >
        • Case Study - 1859 - Battle of Solferino
      • Lesson 8 - World War 1 >
        • Case Study - 1915 - The Battle of Ypres
      • Lesson 9 - 1930s >
        • Case Study - 1937 - Nanjing Massacre
      • Lesson 10 - Vietnam >
        • Case Study - 1968 - Tet Offensive
    • Matu 1 - The American Revolution >
      • Lesson 1 - The Scientific Revolution
      • Lesson 2 - The Enlightenment
      • Lesson 3 - Enlightened Monarchs
      • Lesson 4 - Colonising America
      • Lesson 5 - Thirteen Colonies
      • Lesson 6 - Boston Massacre? >
        • Boston Massacre - The Play
      • Lesson 7 - Short-term causes
      • Lesson 8 - Why Britain lost
      • Lesson 9 - Consequences
      • Lesson 10 - How revolutionary?
    • Matu 2 - The French Revolution >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction
      • Lesson 2 - Causes SE
      • Lesson 3 - Causes CP
      • Lesson 4 - Short term causes
      • Lesson 5 - The Bastille
      • Lesson 6 - 1789-91
      • Lesson 7 - 1793 Execution
      • Lesson 8 - The Terror
    • Matu 3 - Switzerland and Napoleon >
      • Lesson 1 - Ancien Regime
      • Lesson 2 - 1789
      • Lesson 3 - Napoleon's Rise
      • Lesson 4 - Napoleon in Art
      • Lesson 5 - Napoleon's Reforms
      • Lesson 6 - Switzerland 1798-1815
      • Lesson 7 - Napoleon's Europe
      • Lesson 8 - Napoleon: Hero or villain
  • S1 S2
    • Matu 4 - Industrial Revolution >
      • Lesson 1 - Why was Britain First?
      • Lesson 2 - Economics - Agriculture
      • Lesson 3 - Economics - Industry
      • Lesson 4 - Transport
      • Lesson 5 - Social Impact
      • Lesson 6 - Cultural Impact
      • Lesson 7 - Political Impact
      • Lesson 8 - Switzerland
    • Matu 5 - Nationalism >
      • Lesson 1 - Impact of French Revolution
      • Lesson 2 - Napoleon and Vienna
      • Lesson 3 - 1815-48 - Age of Revolution
      • Lesson 4 - Italian Unification - 1830-48
      • Lesson 5 - Switzerland 1815-48
      • Lesson 6 - Italian Unification - 1848-70
      • Lesson 7 - German Unification - 1848-71
      • Lesson 8 - The German Empire
    • Matu 6 - New Imperialism >
      • Lesson 1 - New Imperialism?
      • Lesson 2 - Africa
      • Lesson 3 - Congo
      • Lesson 4 - China
      • Lesson 5 - Japan
      • Lesson 6 - Legacy
      • Jared Diamond thesis
    • Matu 7 - World War 1 >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction
      • Lesson 2 - Causes
      • Lesson 3 - 1914
      • Lesson 4 - Expectations
      • Lesson 5 - Reality
      • Lesson 6 - Total War
      • Lesson 7 - Switzerland
      • Lesson 8 - Defeat
      • Lesson 9 - Peace 1919
    • Matu 8 - Russian Revolutions >
      • Lesson 1 - Russia before 1917 >
        • Tim Marshall - Russia
      • Lesson 2 - 1905 Revolution
      • Lesson 3 - February Revolution
      • Lesson 4 - Marxism
      • Lesson 5 - Lenin
      • Lesson 6 - The Bolsheviks
      • Lesson 7 - 1917-18
      • Lesson 8 - Civil War
    • Matu 9 - USA 1919-41 >
      • Lesson 1 - 1920s boom
      • Lesson 2 - Roaring 20s?
      • Lesson 3 - Crash
      • Lesson 4 - 1932 Election
      • Lesson 5 - New Deal
      • Lesson 6 - Judging the New Deal
    • Matu 10 - Totalitarian States >
      • Lesson 1 - Modern Authoritarianism >
        • Is Trump's USA authoritarian?
      • Lesson 2 - Fascism
      • Lesson 3 - Mussolini - Rise to Power
      • Lesson 4 - Mussolini - Consolidation of Power
      • Lesson 5 - Mussolini - Aims and policies
      • Lesson 6 - Research presentations >
        • Hitler - Research presentations
        • Stalin- Research presentations
      • Lesson 7 - Hitler - Germany 1933-45 >
        • Hitler - Rise to Power
        • Hitler - Consolidation of Power
        • Hitler - Aims and policies
      • Lesson 8 - Stalin - USSR 1924-41 >
        • Stalin - Rise to Power
        • Stalin - Consolidation of Power
        • Stalin - Aims and policies
    • Exams and Revision
  • S3
    • Matu 11 - World War II >
      • Lesson 1 - WW1
      • Lesson 2 - LoN
      • Lesson 3 - Hitler
      • Lesson 4 - Appeasement
      • Lesson 5 - 1939-40
      • Lesson 6 - Japan
      • Lesson 7 - Russia
      • Lesson 8 - Total War
      • Lesson 9 - Defeat
      • Lesson 10 - Switzerland
    • Matu 12 - The Cold War >
      • Lesson 1 - Origins
      • Lesson 2 - Causes
      • Lesson 3 - Berlin
      • Lesson 4 - 1950s
      • Lesson 5 - 1960s
      • Lesson 6 - 1970s
      • Lesson 7 - 1980s
    • Matu 13 - Decolonisation and the Third World >
      • Lesson 1 - Factors
      • Lesson 2 - Case studies
      • Lesson 3 - Consequences
    • Matu 14 - Switzerland >
      • Swiss Politics
      • Swiss History
    • Exams and Revision
  • IB History
    • IB History - Paper 1 >
      • IB History - Paper 1 - Content
      • IB History - Paper 1 - Past paper questions >
        • Question 1a
        • Question 1b
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
        • Question 4
      • IB History - Paper 1 - Skills
    • IB History - Paper 2 >
      • IB History - Paper 2 past paper questions
      • IB History - 7. Industrialization >
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Industrialization
        • IB History - First and Second Industrial Revolution
        • IB History - Steven Johnson
        • Activity 1
      • IB History - 8. Independence movements >
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Independence movements
        • IB History - Revision Template - Independence movements >
          • IB History - Independence movements - Theme 1 - Origin and rise
          • IB History - Independence movements - Theme 2 - Methods
      • IB History - 10. Authoritarian States >
        • IB History - Emergence of authoritarian states
        • IB History - Consolidation and maintenance
        • IB History - Aims and policies
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Authoritarian states
        • IB History - Revision Template - Authoritarian states >
          • Hitler - Germany and Castro - Cuba - A comparative analysis (Part 1)
          • Hitler - Germany and Castro - Cuba - A comparative analysis (Part 2)
          • Hitler - Germany and Castro - Cuba - A comparative analysis (Part 3)
      • IB History - 11. Warfare >
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Warfare
      • IB History - 12. Cold War >
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Cold War
        • IB History - Revision essay plans - Cold War >
          • Cold War - 1943-49 - Rivalry, mistrust and accord
          • Cold War - 1947-79 - Rivalry, mistrust and accord
          • Cold War - 1980-91 - Rivalry, mistrust and accord
          • Cold War - Leaders, nations and Cold War crises.
    • IB History - IA - Internal Assessment
  • TOK
    • Critical Thinking >
      • Lesson 1 - Thinking >
        • Lesson 1 - Test
      • Lesson 2 - Language
      • Lesson 3 - Senses
      • Lesson 4 - Reason
      • Lesson 5 - Emotion
      • Assessment >
        • Movie perception test
        • Complete film
        • Student Films 2021
    • Core theme - Knowledge and the knower >
      • Knowledge framework
    • Areas of Knowledge >
      • History >
        • Scope in history
        • Method and perspective in history
        • Ethics in history
      • Human Science >
        • Scope in human science
        • Method and perspectives in human science
        • Ethics in human science
      • Natural Science >
        • Scope in natural science
        • Method and perspectives in natural science
        • Ethics in human science
      • Maths >
        • Scope in maths
        • Method and perspectives in maths
        • Ethics in maths
      • Arts >
        • Scope in the arts
        • Method and perspectives in arts
        • Ethics in the arts
      • Politics >
        • Scope in politics
        • Method and perspectives in politics
        • Ethics in politics
      • Technology >
        • Scope in technology
        • Method and perspectives in politics
        • Ethics in technology
      • Language >
        • Scope in language
        • Method and perspectives in language
        • Ethics in technology
    • Assessment >
      • TOK Exhibition >
        • TOK Exhibition 2023
        • TOK Exhibition 2024
        • TOK Exhibition 2025
      • Essay
  • Film Workshop
  • About