• Home
  • Year 9
    • Unit 1 - Bronze Age Greece >
      • Lesson 1 - Minoa
      • Lesson 2 - Myths
      • Lesson 3 - Atlantis
      • Lesson 4 - The Mycenaeans
      • Lesson 5 - Troy
    • Unit 2 - Classical Greece >
      • Lesson 1 - Archaic Period >
        • End of Unit Test >
          • End of Unit Test - 1
      • Lesson 2 - Olympics
      • Lesson 3 - Athens
      • Lesson 4 - Democracy
      • Lesson 5 - Sparta
      • Lesson 6 - Greek Gods
      • Lesson 7 - Greek Legacy
      • End of Unit Test - 2
    • Unit 3 - Roman Republic >
      • Lesson 1 - Foundation
      • Lesson 2 - Republic
      • Lesson 3 - Hannibal
      • Lesson 4 - Julius Caesar
      • Lesson 5 - Rome
    • Unit 4 - Roman Empire >
      • Lesson 1 - Empire
      • Lesson 2 - Roman Nyon
      • Lesson 3 - Pompeii
      • Lesson 4 - Rise and Fall
      • Lesson 5 - Legacy
    • Unit 5 - The early Middle Ages >
      • Lesson 1 - Middle Ages?
      • Lesson 2 - Christianity
      • Lesson 3 - Monasteries
      • Lesson 4 - Justinian
      • Lesson 5 - Islam
      • Lesson 6 - Vikings
  • Year 11
    • Warfare - A study through time >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction >
        • Warfare - Timeline activity >
          • Students' Timelines 2020
      • Lesson 2 - Medieval >
        • Case Study - 1066 - Battle of Hastings
      • Lesson 3 - Crusades >
        • Case Study - 1271 - Krak des Chevaliers
      • Lesson 4 - New World >
        • Case Study - 1532 - Battle of Cajamarca
      • Lesson 5 - Religion >
        • Case Study - 1572 - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
      • Lesson 6 - Napoleon >
        • Case Study - 1796 - Battle of Lodi
      • Lesson 7 - Industrial >
        • Case Study - 1859 - Battle of Solferino
      • Lesson 8 - World War 1 >
        • Case Study - 1915 - The Battle of Ypres
      • Lesson 9 - 1930s >
        • Case Study - 1937 - Nanjing Massacre
      • Lesson 10 - Vietnam >
        • Case Study - 1968 - Tet Offensive
    • Matu 1 - The American Revolution >
      • Lesson 1 - The Scientific Revolution
      • Lesson 2 - The Enlightenment
      • Lesson 3 - Enlightened Monarchs
      • Lesson 4 - Colonising America
      • Lesson 5 - Thirteen Colonies
      • Lesson 6 - Boston Massacre? >
        • Boston Massacre - The Play
      • Lesson 7 - Short-term causes
      • Lesson 8 - Why Britain lost
      • Lesson 9 - Consequences
      • Lesson 10 - How revolutionary?
    • Matu 2 - The French Revolution >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction
      • Lesson 2 - Causes SE
      • Lesson 3 - Causes CP
      • Lesson 4 - Short term causes
      • Lesson 5 - The Bastille
      • Lesson 6 - 1789-91
      • Lesson 7 - 1793 Execution
      • Lesson 8 - The Terror
    • Matu 3 - Switzerland and Napoleon >
      • Lesson 1 - Ancien Regime
      • Lesson 2 - 1789
      • Lesson 3 - Napoleon's Rise
      • Lesson 4 - Napoleon in Art
      • Lesson 5 - Napoleon's Reforms
      • Lesson 6 - Switzerland 1798-1815
      • Lesson 7 - Napoleon's Europe
      • Lesson 8 - Napoleon: Hero or villain
  • S1 S2
    • Matu 4 - Industrial Revolution >
      • Lesson 1 - Why was Britain First?
      • Lesson 2 - Economics - Agriculture
      • Lesson 3 - Economics - Industry
      • Lesson 4 - Transport
      • Lesson 5 - Social Impact
      • Lesson 6 - Cultural Impact
      • Lesson 7 - Political Impact
      • Lesson 8 - Switzerland
    • Matu 5 - Nationalism >
      • Lesson 1 - Impact of French Revolution
      • Lesson 2 - Napoleon and Vienna
      • Lesson 3 - 1815-48 - Age of Revolution
      • Lesson 4 - Italian Unification - 1830-48
      • Lesson 5 - Switzerland 1815-48
      • Lesson 6 - Italian Unification - 1848-70
      • Lesson 7 - German Unification - 1848-71
      • Lesson 8 - The German Empire
    • Matu 6 - New Imperialism >
      • Lesson 1 - New Imperialism?
      • Lesson 2 - Africa
      • Lesson 3 - Congo
      • Lesson 4 - China
      • Lesson 5 - Japan
      • Lesson 6 - Legacy
      • Jared Diamond thesis
    • Matu 7 - World War 1 >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction
      • Lesson 2 - Causes
      • Lesson 3 - 1914
      • Lesson 4 - Expectations
      • Lesson 5 - Reality
      • Lesson 6 - Total War
      • Lesson 7 - Switzerland
      • Lesson 8 - Defeat
      • Lesson 9 - Peace 1919
    • Matu 8 - Russian Revolutions >
      • Lesson 1 - Russia before 1917 >
        • Tim Marshall - Russia
      • Lesson 2 - 1905 Revolution
      • Lesson 3 - February Revolution
      • Lesson 4 - Marxism
      • Lesson 5 - Lenin
      • Lesson 6 - The Bolsheviks
      • Lesson 7 - 1917-18
      • Lesson 8 - Civil War
    • Matu 9 - USA 1919-41 >
      • Lesson 1 - 1920s boom
      • Lesson 2 - Roaring 20s?
      • Lesson 3 - Crash
      • Lesson 4 - 1932 Election
      • Lesson 5 - New Deal
      • Lesson 6 - Judging the New Deal
    • Matu 10 - Totalitarian States >
      • Lesson 1 - Modern Authoritarianism >
        • Is Trump's USA authoritarian?
      • Lesson 2 - Fascism
      • Lesson 3 - Mussolini - Rise to Power
      • Lesson 4 - Mussolini - Consolidation of Power
      • Lesson 5 - Mussolini - Aims and policies
      • Lesson 6 - Research presentations >
        • Hitler - Research presentations
        • Stalin- Research presentations
      • Lesson 7 - Hitler - Germany 1933-45 >
        • Hitler - Rise to Power
        • Hitler - Consolidation of Power
        • Hitler - Aims and policies
      • Lesson 8 - Stalin - USSR 1924-41 >
        • Stalin - Rise to Power
        • Stalin - Consolidation of Power
        • Stalin - Aims and policies
    • Exams and Revision
  • S3
    • Matu 11 - World War II >
      • Lesson 1 - WW1
      • Lesson 2 - LoN
      • Lesson 3 - Hitler
      • Lesson 4 - Appeasement
      • Lesson 5 - 1939-40
      • Lesson 6 - Japan
      • Lesson 7 - Russia
      • Lesson 8 - Total War
      • Lesson 9 - Defeat
      • Lesson 10 - Switzerland
    • Matu 12 - The Cold War >
      • Lesson 1 - Origins
      • Lesson 2 - Causes
      • Lesson 3 - Berlin
      • Lesson 4 - 1950s
      • Lesson 5 - 1960s
      • Lesson 6 - 1970s
      • Lesson 7 - 1980s
    • Matu 13 - Decolonisation and the Third World >
      • Lesson 1 - Factors
      • Lesson 2 - Case studies
      • Lesson 3 - Consequences
    • Matu 14 - Switzerland >
      • Swiss Politics
      • Swiss History
    • Exams and Revision
  • IB History
    • IB History - Paper 1 >
      • IB History - Paper 1 - Content
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        • Question 1a
        • Question 1b
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
        • Question 4
      • IB History - Paper 1 - Skills
    • IB History - Paper 2 >
      • IB History - Paper 2 past paper questions
      • IB History - 7. Industrialization >
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Industrialization
        • IB History - First and Second Industrial Revolution
        • IB History - Steven Johnson
        • Activity 1
      • IB History - 8. Independence movements >
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Independence movements
        • IB History - Revision Template - Independence movements >
          • IB History - Independence movements - Theme 1 - Origin and rise
          • IB History - Independence movements - Theme 2 - Methods
      • IB History - 10. Authoritarian States >
        • IB History - Emergence of authoritarian states
        • IB History - Consolidation and maintenance
        • IB History - Aims and policies
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Authoritarian states
        • IB History - Revision Template - Authoritarian states >
          • Hitler - Germany and Castro - Cuba - A comparative analysis (Part 1)
          • Hitler - Germany and Castro - Cuba - A comparative analysis (Part 2)
          • Hitler - Germany and Castro - Cuba - A comparative analysis (Part 3)
      • IB History - 11. Warfare >
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Warfare
      • IB History - 12. Cold War >
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Cold War
        • IB History - Revision essay plans - Cold War >
          • Cold War - 1943-49 - Rivalry, mistrust and accord
          • Cold War - 1947-79 - Rivalry, mistrust and accord
          • Cold War - 1980-91 - Rivalry, mistrust and accord
          • Cold War - Leaders, nations and Cold War crises.
    • IB History - IA - Internal Assessment
  • TOK
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      • Lesson 1 - Thinking >
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      • Assessment >
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      • History >
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        • Scope in natural science
        • Method and perspectives in natural science
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        • Scope in maths
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        • Scope in the arts
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        • Ethics in the arts
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        • Scope in politics
        • Method and perspectives in politics
        • Ethics in politics
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        • Scope in technology
        • Method and perspectives in politics
        • Ethics in technology
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        • Scope in language
        • Method and perspectives in language
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    • Assessment >
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      • Essay
  • About
International School History
  • Home
  • Year 9
    • Unit 1 - Bronze Age Greece >
      • Lesson 1 - Minoa
      • Lesson 2 - Myths
      • Lesson 3 - Atlantis
      • Lesson 4 - The Mycenaeans
      • Lesson 5 - Troy
    • Unit 2 - Classical Greece >
      • Lesson 1 - Archaic Period >
        • End of Unit Test >
          • End of Unit Test - 1
      • Lesson 2 - Olympics
      • Lesson 3 - Athens
      • Lesson 4 - Democracy
      • Lesson 5 - Sparta
      • Lesson 6 - Greek Gods
      • Lesson 7 - Greek Legacy
      • End of Unit Test - 2
    • Unit 3 - Roman Republic >
      • Lesson 1 - Foundation
      • Lesson 2 - Republic
      • Lesson 3 - Hannibal
      • Lesson 4 - Julius Caesar
      • Lesson 5 - Rome
    • Unit 4 - Roman Empire >
      • Lesson 1 - Empire
      • Lesson 2 - Roman Nyon
      • Lesson 3 - Pompeii
      • Lesson 4 - Rise and Fall
      • Lesson 5 - Legacy
    • Unit 5 - The early Middle Ages >
      • Lesson 1 - Middle Ages?
      • Lesson 2 - Christianity
      • Lesson 3 - Monasteries
      • Lesson 4 - Justinian
      • Lesson 5 - Islam
      • Lesson 6 - Vikings
  • Year 11
    • Warfare - A study through time >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction >
        • Warfare - Timeline activity >
          • Students' Timelines 2020
      • Lesson 2 - Medieval >
        • Case Study - 1066 - Battle of Hastings
      • Lesson 3 - Crusades >
        • Case Study - 1271 - Krak des Chevaliers
      • Lesson 4 - New World >
        • Case Study - 1532 - Battle of Cajamarca
      • Lesson 5 - Religion >
        • Case Study - 1572 - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
      • Lesson 6 - Napoleon >
        • Case Study - 1796 - Battle of Lodi
      • Lesson 7 - Industrial >
        • Case Study - 1859 - Battle of Solferino
      • Lesson 8 - World War 1 >
        • Case Study - 1915 - The Battle of Ypres
      • Lesson 9 - 1930s >
        • Case Study - 1937 - Nanjing Massacre
      • Lesson 10 - Vietnam >
        • Case Study - 1968 - Tet Offensive
    • Matu 1 - The American Revolution >
      • Lesson 1 - The Scientific Revolution
      • Lesson 2 - The Enlightenment
      • Lesson 3 - Enlightened Monarchs
      • Lesson 4 - Colonising America
      • Lesson 5 - Thirteen Colonies
      • Lesson 6 - Boston Massacre? >
        • Boston Massacre - The Play
      • Lesson 7 - Short-term causes
      • Lesson 8 - Why Britain lost
      • Lesson 9 - Consequences
      • Lesson 10 - How revolutionary?
    • Matu 2 - The French Revolution >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction
      • Lesson 2 - Causes SE
      • Lesson 3 - Causes CP
      • Lesson 4 - Short term causes
      • Lesson 5 - The Bastille
      • Lesson 6 - 1789-91
      • Lesson 7 - 1793 Execution
      • Lesson 8 - The Terror
    • Matu 3 - Switzerland and Napoleon >
      • Lesson 1 - Ancien Regime
      • Lesson 2 - 1789
      • Lesson 3 - Napoleon's Rise
      • Lesson 4 - Napoleon in Art
      • Lesson 5 - Napoleon's Reforms
      • Lesson 6 - Switzerland 1798-1815
      • Lesson 7 - Napoleon's Europe
      • Lesson 8 - Napoleon: Hero or villain
  • S1 S2
    • Matu 4 - Industrial Revolution >
      • Lesson 1 - Why was Britain First?
      • Lesson 2 - Economics - Agriculture
      • Lesson 3 - Economics - Industry
      • Lesson 4 - Transport
      • Lesson 5 - Social Impact
      • Lesson 6 - Cultural Impact
      • Lesson 7 - Political Impact
      • Lesson 8 - Switzerland
    • Matu 5 - Nationalism >
      • Lesson 1 - Impact of French Revolution
      • Lesson 2 - Napoleon and Vienna
      • Lesson 3 - 1815-48 - Age of Revolution
      • Lesson 4 - Italian Unification - 1830-48
      • Lesson 5 - Switzerland 1815-48
      • Lesson 6 - Italian Unification - 1848-70
      • Lesson 7 - German Unification - 1848-71
      • Lesson 8 - The German Empire
    • Matu 6 - New Imperialism >
      • Lesson 1 - New Imperialism?
      • Lesson 2 - Africa
      • Lesson 3 - Congo
      • Lesson 4 - China
      • Lesson 5 - Japan
      • Lesson 6 - Legacy
      • Jared Diamond thesis
    • Matu 7 - World War 1 >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction
      • Lesson 2 - Causes
      • Lesson 3 - 1914
      • Lesson 4 - Expectations
      • Lesson 5 - Reality
      • Lesson 6 - Total War
      • Lesson 7 - Switzerland
      • Lesson 8 - Defeat
      • Lesson 9 - Peace 1919
    • Matu 8 - Russian Revolutions >
      • Lesson 1 - Russia before 1917 >
        • Tim Marshall - Russia
      • Lesson 2 - 1905 Revolution
      • Lesson 3 - February Revolution
      • Lesson 4 - Marxism
      • Lesson 5 - Lenin
      • Lesson 6 - The Bolsheviks
      • Lesson 7 - 1917-18
      • Lesson 8 - Civil War
    • Matu 9 - USA 1919-41 >
      • Lesson 1 - 1920s boom
      • Lesson 2 - Roaring 20s?
      • Lesson 3 - Crash
      • Lesson 4 - 1932 Election
      • Lesson 5 - New Deal
      • Lesson 6 - Judging the New Deal
    • Matu 10 - Totalitarian States >
      • Lesson 1 - Modern Authoritarianism >
        • Is Trump's USA authoritarian?
      • Lesson 2 - Fascism
      • Lesson 3 - Mussolini - Rise to Power
      • Lesson 4 - Mussolini - Consolidation of Power
      • Lesson 5 - Mussolini - Aims and policies
      • Lesson 6 - Research presentations >
        • Hitler - Research presentations
        • Stalin- Research presentations
      • Lesson 7 - Hitler - Germany 1933-45 >
        • Hitler - Rise to Power
        • Hitler - Consolidation of Power
        • Hitler - Aims and policies
      • Lesson 8 - Stalin - USSR 1924-41 >
        • Stalin - Rise to Power
        • Stalin - Consolidation of Power
        • Stalin - Aims and policies
    • Exams and Revision
  • S3
    • Matu 11 - World War II >
      • Lesson 1 - WW1
      • Lesson 2 - LoN
      • Lesson 3 - Hitler
      • Lesson 4 - Appeasement
      • Lesson 5 - 1939-40
      • Lesson 6 - Japan
      • Lesson 7 - Russia
      • Lesson 8 - Total War
      • Lesson 9 - Defeat
      • Lesson 10 - Switzerland
    • Matu 12 - The Cold War >
      • Lesson 1 - Origins
      • Lesson 2 - Causes
      • Lesson 3 - Berlin
      • Lesson 4 - 1950s
      • Lesson 5 - 1960s
      • Lesson 6 - 1970s
      • Lesson 7 - 1980s
    • Matu 13 - Decolonisation and the Third World >
      • Lesson 1 - Factors
      • Lesson 2 - Case studies
      • Lesson 3 - Consequences
    • Matu 14 - Switzerland >
      • Swiss Politics
      • Swiss History
    • Exams and Revision
  • IB History
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        • Activity 1
      • IB History - 8. Independence movements >
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Independence movements
        • IB History - Revision Template - Independence movements >
          • IB History - Independence movements - Theme 1 - Origin and rise
          • IB History - Independence movements - Theme 2 - Methods
      • IB History - 10. Authoritarian States >
        • IB History - Emergence of authoritarian states
        • IB History - Consolidation and maintenance
        • IB History - Aims and policies
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Authoritarian states
        • IB History - Revision Template - Authoritarian states >
          • Hitler - Germany and Castro - Cuba - A comparative analysis (Part 1)
          • Hitler - Germany and Castro - Cuba - A comparative analysis (Part 2)
          • Hitler - Germany and Castro - Cuba - A comparative analysis (Part 3)
      • IB History - 11. Warfare >
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Warfare
      • IB History - 12. Cold War >
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Cold War
        • IB History - Revision essay plans - Cold War >
          • Cold War - 1943-49 - Rivalry, mistrust and accord
          • Cold War - 1947-79 - Rivalry, mistrust and accord
          • Cold War - 1980-91 - Rivalry, mistrust and accord
          • Cold War - Leaders, nations and Cold War crises.
    • IB History - IA - Internal Assessment
  • TOK
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      • Assessment >
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        • Complete film
        • Student Films 2021
    • Core theme - Knowledge and the knower >
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      • History >
        • Scope in history
        • Method and perspective in history
        • Ethics in history
      • Human Science >
        • Scope in human science
        • Method and perspectives in human science
        • Ethics in human science
      • Natural Science >
        • Scope in natural science
        • Method and perspectives in natural science
        • Ethics in human science
      • Maths >
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        • Scope in the arts
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      • Politics >
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        • Ethics in politics
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        • Scope in language
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        • Ethics in technology
    • Assessment >
      • TOK Exhibition >
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  • About

 S2 - Matu 10 - Totalitarian States - Lesson 2

Lesson 2 - What is fascism?
There was a time in the distant past when I first started teaching that students needed to make a quite an effort of imagination to understand how and why authoritarianism took hold over Western civilisation.

Gradually over the last thirty years the warning signs have become increasingly easy to spot. Remarkably, from 2016 to 2020 my classes were able to conduct serious analyses on whether the president of the USA was a modern authoritarian or even a fascist.

As Marx had famously said history has a tendency to repeat itself, first time as tragedy, second time as farce.

​But now in 2025 things are really getting serious. 
The incredulity of these lessons was sometimes mixed with humour (see the films above which show, over time, how the world has gradually tried to make sense of Trump.) It is inevitable that intelligent teenagers have significant difficulty in taking a man like Donald Trump seriously. But then the attempted insurrection of January 2021 happened.
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'If this election were overturned by mere allegations from the losing side, our democracy would enter a death spiral. We’d never see the whole nation accept an election again. Every four years would be a scramble for power at any cost.' 
Mitch McConnell, just before the attempted Capitol insurrection, January 2021

​
On the symbolism of the insurrectionists and their meaning see this useful article from National Geographic.

​On what might happen next to American democracy see this November 2021 article in the Guardian.  
'Trump epitomises the big man, the national strongman, who vows to defend and support the little guy and his threatened shibboleths of identity and community. In return, he demands a dictator’s unlimited power and fealty. It’s the old-new deal of the century: security, uniformity, conformity and social validation for the dominant majority at the cost of civic freedoms, legal accountability, independent media, diversity and minority rights. This is the model in place, or gaining ground, from Beijing, Moscow and Delhi to Cairo and Buenos Aires, by way of Rome, Paris and Berlin.' Fascism is everywhere on the march. And it’s Trump who sets the pace, Simon Tisdall, January 2024.

​Fascism in Italy in 2024 BBC.

Trump re-elected in 2025
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Robert Reich - Clearly illegal - January 2025​
The rise of end times fascism - Naomi Klein and Astra Taylor - April 2025
Trump, Fascism and Authoritarian Turn - Spectre - April 2025


Is Fascism an ideology?
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Remember, all ideologies have three components: a descriptive element, a presriptive element and an active element. 

  • Descriptive element – This refers to how an ideology explains or interprets the world. It provides a worldview or framework for understanding society, human nature, economics, history, etc. For example, Marxism describes society in terms of class struggle and material conditions.
  • ​Prescriptive element – This is about values, norms, or goals. It sets out what ought to be—how society should be organized, what is just, what kind of future is desirable. For instance, liberalism prescribes individual liberty, rule of law, and equality before the law.
  • Active element – This involves the call to action, or the strategies and means of implementing the prescriptive goals based on the descriptive understanding. It’s the part that motivates political movements, party platforms, or revolutionary action. For example, anarchism doesn’t just describe the state as oppressive and unjust—it calls for direct action and the dismantling of hierarchical power structures.

Fascism can be understood through its descriptive, prescriptive, and active elements. Descriptively, fascism presents the world as inherently conflictual, emphasizing a natural hierarchy among peoples and the decadence or weakness of liberal democracy. It often portrays the nation as being under existential threat from internal enemies (such as minorities or political opponents) and external forces. Prescriptively, fascism calls for the unity of the nation under a strong, authoritarian leader, the subordination of the individual to the collective will, and the rebirth of a purer, stronger society rooted in tradition, discipline, and nationalism. Finally, the active element of fascism is seen in its call to mobilisation—through propaganda, violence, mass rallies, and paramilitary groups—to destroy perceived enemies and enforce a new political and social order. These three components work together to turn fascism from a set of ideas into a dynamic, often violent, political movement.
Where do you stand ideologically?
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I've been doing this quiz with my students for 20 years and the results are always predictable and almost never change.

Click here to take the test.

Activity

1. Briefly explain what you understand as the message of Michael Rosen's poem 'Fascism: sometimes I fear'.
2. Using my presentation at the top of this page, explain the histiorical inspiration of fascism and its main characteristics. 

Extension for Matu students and compulsory for IB students

Modern authoritarianism and the importance of World War One.


As we saw in the previous lesson, Europe's ruling elites had always feared what would happen if democracy was introduced. In Britain there was a sense of relief that first post war elections had brought the wartime government back to power. As David Reynolds says in the film below, 'the big bang of democracy had been contained. But not every country was so fortunate'.

​Video - David Reynolds Long Shadow on the impact of World War One on Europe. Password = fascism​

  • Why did Italy emerge from World War 1 'divided and frustrated'?
  • How and why did Italy's new democracy collapse?
  • What did the Redipuglia War Memorial attempt to do?
  • What were the most important characteristics of fascism?
  • How did French politics become polarised in the 1930s?
  • Why did Britain avoid popular authoritarianism?

The little sister of internationalschoolhistory.net - Richard Jones-Nerzic- Nyon, Switzerland 2025 
The views expressed on this website are those of the author and not necessarily endorsed by the author's employer. 
  • Home
  • Year 9
    • Unit 1 - Bronze Age Greece >
      • Lesson 1 - Minoa
      • Lesson 2 - Myths
      • Lesson 3 - Atlantis
      • Lesson 4 - The Mycenaeans
      • Lesson 5 - Troy
    • Unit 2 - Classical Greece >
      • Lesson 1 - Archaic Period >
        • End of Unit Test >
          • End of Unit Test - 1
      • Lesson 2 - Olympics
      • Lesson 3 - Athens
      • Lesson 4 - Democracy
      • Lesson 5 - Sparta
      • Lesson 6 - Greek Gods
      • Lesson 7 - Greek Legacy
      • End of Unit Test - 2
    • Unit 3 - Roman Republic >
      • Lesson 1 - Foundation
      • Lesson 2 - Republic
      • Lesson 3 - Hannibal
      • Lesson 4 - Julius Caesar
      • Lesson 5 - Rome
    • Unit 4 - Roman Empire >
      • Lesson 1 - Empire
      • Lesson 2 - Roman Nyon
      • Lesson 3 - Pompeii
      • Lesson 4 - Rise and Fall
      • Lesson 5 - Legacy
    • Unit 5 - The early Middle Ages >
      • Lesson 1 - Middle Ages?
      • Lesson 2 - Christianity
      • Lesson 3 - Monasteries
      • Lesson 4 - Justinian
      • Lesson 5 - Islam
      • Lesson 6 - Vikings
  • Year 11
    • Warfare - A study through time >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction >
        • Warfare - Timeline activity >
          • Students' Timelines 2020
      • Lesson 2 - Medieval >
        • Case Study - 1066 - Battle of Hastings
      • Lesson 3 - Crusades >
        • Case Study - 1271 - Krak des Chevaliers
      • Lesson 4 - New World >
        • Case Study - 1532 - Battle of Cajamarca
      • Lesson 5 - Religion >
        • Case Study - 1572 - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
      • Lesson 6 - Napoleon >
        • Case Study - 1796 - Battle of Lodi
      • Lesson 7 - Industrial >
        • Case Study - 1859 - Battle of Solferino
      • Lesson 8 - World War 1 >
        • Case Study - 1915 - The Battle of Ypres
      • Lesson 9 - 1930s >
        • Case Study - 1937 - Nanjing Massacre
      • Lesson 10 - Vietnam >
        • Case Study - 1968 - Tet Offensive
    • Matu 1 - The American Revolution >
      • Lesson 1 - The Scientific Revolution
      • Lesson 2 - The Enlightenment
      • Lesson 3 - Enlightened Monarchs
      • Lesson 4 - Colonising America
      • Lesson 5 - Thirteen Colonies
      • Lesson 6 - Boston Massacre? >
        • Boston Massacre - The Play
      • Lesson 7 - Short-term causes
      • Lesson 8 - Why Britain lost
      • Lesson 9 - Consequences
      • Lesson 10 - How revolutionary?
    • Matu 2 - The French Revolution >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction
      • Lesson 2 - Causes SE
      • Lesson 3 - Causes CP
      • Lesson 4 - Short term causes
      • Lesson 5 - The Bastille
      • Lesson 6 - 1789-91
      • Lesson 7 - 1793 Execution
      • Lesson 8 - The Terror
    • Matu 3 - Switzerland and Napoleon >
      • Lesson 1 - Ancien Regime
      • Lesson 2 - 1789
      • Lesson 3 - Napoleon's Rise
      • Lesson 4 - Napoleon in Art
      • Lesson 5 - Napoleon's Reforms
      • Lesson 6 - Switzerland 1798-1815
      • Lesson 7 - Napoleon's Europe
      • Lesson 8 - Napoleon: Hero or villain
  • S1 S2
    • Matu 4 - Industrial Revolution >
      • Lesson 1 - Why was Britain First?
      • Lesson 2 - Economics - Agriculture
      • Lesson 3 - Economics - Industry
      • Lesson 4 - Transport
      • Lesson 5 - Social Impact
      • Lesson 6 - Cultural Impact
      • Lesson 7 - Political Impact
      • Lesson 8 - Switzerland
    • Matu 5 - Nationalism >
      • Lesson 1 - Impact of French Revolution
      • Lesson 2 - Napoleon and Vienna
      • Lesson 3 - 1815-48 - Age of Revolution
      • Lesson 4 - Italian Unification - 1830-48
      • Lesson 5 - Switzerland 1815-48
      • Lesson 6 - Italian Unification - 1848-70
      • Lesson 7 - German Unification - 1848-71
      • Lesson 8 - The German Empire
    • Matu 6 - New Imperialism >
      • Lesson 1 - New Imperialism?
      • Lesson 2 - Africa
      • Lesson 3 - Congo
      • Lesson 4 - China
      • Lesson 5 - Japan
      • Lesson 6 - Legacy
      • Jared Diamond thesis
    • Matu 7 - World War 1 >
      • Lesson 1 - Introduction
      • Lesson 2 - Causes
      • Lesson 3 - 1914
      • Lesson 4 - Expectations
      • Lesson 5 - Reality
      • Lesson 6 - Total War
      • Lesson 7 - Switzerland
      • Lesson 8 - Defeat
      • Lesson 9 - Peace 1919
    • Matu 8 - Russian Revolutions >
      • Lesson 1 - Russia before 1917 >
        • Tim Marshall - Russia
      • Lesson 2 - 1905 Revolution
      • Lesson 3 - February Revolution
      • Lesson 4 - Marxism
      • Lesson 5 - Lenin
      • Lesson 6 - The Bolsheviks
      • Lesson 7 - 1917-18
      • Lesson 8 - Civil War
    • Matu 9 - USA 1919-41 >
      • Lesson 1 - 1920s boom
      • Lesson 2 - Roaring 20s?
      • Lesson 3 - Crash
      • Lesson 4 - 1932 Election
      • Lesson 5 - New Deal
      • Lesson 6 - Judging the New Deal
    • Matu 10 - Totalitarian States >
      • Lesson 1 - Modern Authoritarianism >
        • Is Trump's USA authoritarian?
      • Lesson 2 - Fascism
      • Lesson 3 - Mussolini - Rise to Power
      • Lesson 4 - Mussolini - Consolidation of Power
      • Lesson 5 - Mussolini - Aims and policies
      • Lesson 6 - Research presentations >
        • Hitler - Research presentations
        • Stalin- Research presentations
      • Lesson 7 - Hitler - Germany 1933-45 >
        • Hitler - Rise to Power
        • Hitler - Consolidation of Power
        • Hitler - Aims and policies
      • Lesson 8 - Stalin - USSR 1924-41 >
        • Stalin - Rise to Power
        • Stalin - Consolidation of Power
        • Stalin - Aims and policies
    • Exams and Revision
  • S3
    • Matu 11 - World War II >
      • Lesson 1 - WW1
      • Lesson 2 - LoN
      • Lesson 3 - Hitler
      • Lesson 4 - Appeasement
      • Lesson 5 - 1939-40
      • Lesson 6 - Japan
      • Lesson 7 - Russia
      • Lesson 8 - Total War
      • Lesson 9 - Defeat
      • Lesson 10 - Switzerland
    • Matu 12 - The Cold War >
      • Lesson 1 - Origins
      • Lesson 2 - Causes
      • Lesson 3 - Berlin
      • Lesson 4 - 1950s
      • Lesson 5 - 1960s
      • Lesson 6 - 1970s
      • Lesson 7 - 1980s
    • Matu 13 - Decolonisation and the Third World >
      • Lesson 1 - Factors
      • Lesson 2 - Case studies
      • Lesson 3 - Consequences
    • Matu 14 - Switzerland >
      • Swiss Politics
      • Swiss History
    • Exams and Revision
  • IB History
    • IB History - Paper 1 >
      • IB History - Paper 1 - Content
      • IB History - Paper 1 - Past paper questions >
        • Question 1a
        • Question 1b
        • Question 2
        • Question 3
        • Question 4
      • IB History - Paper 1 - Skills
    • IB History - Paper 2 >
      • IB History - Paper 2 past paper questions
      • IB History - 7. Industrialization >
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Industrialization
        • IB History - First and Second Industrial Revolution
        • IB History - Steven Johnson
        • Activity 1
      • IB History - 8. Independence movements >
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Independence movements
        • IB History - Revision Template - Independence movements >
          • IB History - Independence movements - Theme 1 - Origin and rise
          • IB History - Independence movements - Theme 2 - Methods
      • IB History - 10. Authoritarian States >
        • IB History - Emergence of authoritarian states
        • IB History - Consolidation and maintenance
        • IB History - Aims and policies
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Authoritarian states
        • IB History - Revision Template - Authoritarian states >
          • Hitler - Germany and Castro - Cuba - A comparative analysis (Part 1)
          • Hitler - Germany and Castro - Cuba - A comparative analysis (Part 2)
          • Hitler - Germany and Castro - Cuba - A comparative analysis (Part 3)
      • IB History - 11. Warfare >
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Warfare
      • IB History - 12. Cold War >
        • IB History - Past paper questions - Cold War
        • IB History - Revision essay plans - Cold War >
          • Cold War - 1943-49 - Rivalry, mistrust and accord
          • Cold War - 1947-79 - Rivalry, mistrust and accord
          • Cold War - 1980-91 - Rivalry, mistrust and accord
          • Cold War - Leaders, nations and Cold War crises.
    • IB History - IA - Internal Assessment
  • TOK
    • Critical Thinking >
      • Lesson 1 - Thinking >
        • Lesson 1 - Test
      • Lesson 2 - Language
      • Lesson 3 - Senses
      • Lesson 4 - Reason
      • Lesson 5 - Emotion
      • Assessment >
        • Movie perception test
        • Complete film
        • Student Films 2021
    • Core theme - Knowledge and the knower >
      • Knowledge framework
    • Areas of Knowledge >
      • History >
        • Scope in history
        • Method and perspective in history
        • Ethics in history
      • Human Science >
        • Scope in human science
        • Method and perspectives in human science
        • Ethics in human science
      • Natural Science >
        • Scope in natural science
        • Method and perspectives in natural science
        • Ethics in human science
      • Maths >
        • Scope in maths
        • Method and perspectives in maths
        • Ethics in maths
      • Arts >
        • Scope in the arts
        • Method and perspectives in arts
        • Ethics in the arts
      • Politics >
        • Scope in politics
        • Method and perspectives in politics
        • Ethics in politics
      • Technology >
        • Scope in technology
        • Method and perspectives in politics
        • Ethics in technology
      • Language >
        • Scope in language
        • Method and perspectives in language
        • Ethics in technology
    • Assessment >
      • TOK Exhibition >
        • TOK Exhibition 2023
        • TOK Exhibition 2024
      • Essay
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